Skills And Knowledge For Successful System Development Information Technology Essay

Skills And Knowledge For Successful System Development Information technical schoolnology EssayThere is no uncertainness that education outline psycho psychopsychopsychopsychoanalyst is contend an increasingly all important(p) intention in most of the flourishing musical arrangement meet fortifyment. To achieve this, instruction organisation analyst must possess a wide range of qualities which involves appropriate skills and abilities as well as sufficient knowledge in the implementing organisation of users supports and functioning of work. It has to be considered that information outline analyst carries responsibilities to analyse and understands the complex accepts of human resources, people skills, technical understanding and process facilitation and it is basically utilize from the first day of the outline projects existence. It is crucial for e really(prenominal) information transcription analyst to bring in dynamic project team ups which be not static an d unchanging as to chink that they are able to vowelise the needs that are associated with the key difficulty to be solved or opportunity to be realized. There are as well as s ever soal barriers exist in gathering and interpreting of arranging development that needs to be concerned by information placement analyst as this will affect the results of the transcription and the effectiveness of system development. This paper is critically emphasized on the skills and knowledge of an information system analysts and how these skills and knowledge have walloped in the successful in system project development. The structure of the paper will begin with the introduction, terminologies section, knowledge required by system analyst, most important skills and competencies for a system analyst as well as a conclusion as the summarization of the whole topic.Keywords system analyst, system analysis, knowledge, analytical skills, technical skills, interpersonal skill, managerial skills, talk skills1.0 INTRODUCTIONInitially, information system analyst is highly necessary to run a system project. Without an information system knowledge and appropriate skill embed, it is exactly to achieve projects goals. There are various starchy and informal roles that system analyst play in creating successful. In short, every system analyst in a project has their own responsibilities that carry some(prenominal) formal and informal assess and sometimes they are alike assigned to run in a big or small project concurrently based on the project requirements to achieve project successfulness. Essentially, a system analyst plays an important role in the process of system development life cycle labor movements which involved project planning, analysis, radiation pattern, implementation and support process. Each process requires a system analyst to effect a divergent task and they must possess a wide range of skills with sufficient knowledge. This is important as system developm ent is a very difficult activity that needs very careful planning, control and execution.With the yield of information technology, system has become increasingly role in most of the institution. In fact, a good system becomes the solely sustainable advantage for placements to gain a winning position in todays highly competitive world. agree with that, the task of a system analyst becomes more difficult because they have to deal with a different plaque with different requirements. According to Misic and Graf (2004), systems analyst perform their job is characterized by a constant changes where the change of the environment and uncertainty places forces the system analyst to regularly and consistently updates their task and activities. Meaning here, the system analyst should be able to adapt to the environmental changes. For that, a system analyst has to learn the culture or environment for every organization that they assigned to develop a system in order for them to effectively perform their job and meet the projects goals. In addition, they also need to have full understanding of system development and try to apply it within the organization with the support of knowledge and skills as it is very important and necessary to ensure the organization gain treasure and outperform rivals.Numerous articles have been written about system analyst skills and knowledge by many authors. Various authors have expressed different opinions on the skills that should be possessed by a system analyst much(prenominal) as analytical, technical, managerial and interpersonal or communication skills. There are deuce key skills that are demand to perform system analysis tasks, fact-finding for the investigation of system requirements and modelling of a business process based on the system requirements (Satzinger, Jackson and Burd, 2009). Therefore, the purpose of this article is to provide thorough information on the aspects of tasks, knowledge and important skills of todays s ystem analyst as well as to identify the impact of these aspects towards the effectiveness of system development.2.0 DEFINITION OF KEY TERMS SYSTEM psychoanalyst, KNOWLEDGE AND SKILLSThere are several of definition of a system analyst have been set by many professionals. The meaning of the terms may vary from various authors depending to business process, buildflow and discipline where it is use however, the opinion of a system analyst remains the same. According to Dennis and Wixom (2003), system analyst washbowl be defined as the someones who generate ideas and suggestions for how information technology can improve business processes, define vernal processes with the help of a business analyst, design a new information system and ensure that all the tired information systems maintained. In contrast, Whitten and Bentley (2007) have defined system analyst as a specialist who is responsible in identifying and study the organization problems and needs as to determine how peopl e, data, processes and information technology can contribute to the business developments.Some people get confused the meaning between system analyst and information processing system coder. Basically, a system analyst is not a computer programmer he or she is individuals that decided what form of information technology to be used in the development of a system, whereas a computer programmer is individuals which are responsible in putting appropriate instructions with ad hoc code into a computer system. However, both Information System professionals have similar skills needed in system development, which is emphasized on technical skills (Lee, 2002). Systems analyst and computer programmer are cogitate in some way or another, but they are not exactly the same. Systems analyst requires different skills. Instead, computer programmer is rivet on a special(prenominal) emphasis of the study. Systems analyst and computer programmer like other professions were forced to have a sense of ethics. As viewed by Kagan and Sobolo (1987), systems analyst job involves analysis of the problem or needs information on the organization and resolve the problem through the design of an efficient standard of information flow from the source data into the computer. In different point of views by Green (1989), system analysts are service providers who are work well with users as to define, develop and implement computer based system in order to meet business and other requirements. The involvement of users is required to help the system analyst to do analysis and synthesis tasks on a particular system. Almost similar with Misic and Graf (2002) views, system analyst acts as problem solver where they work closely with users and charge in collecting and analyzing information on current and/or future computer-based system.Information system knowledge and appropriate skills for effective tasks and duties is needed to be an thin system analyst. Several authors reviewed knowledge as an actionable or relevant information available in the right format at the right time and at the right place for decision making. In other words, people seek knowledge because it assists them to improve performance and succeed in their work. Knowledge also is the most precious therapy for complexity and uncertainty. Further, the process of system development depends heavily on knowledge so that, by having right knowledge, organization can produce a good decision making with producing good product and services to ensure meet the business requirements. In the case of information systems, knowledge can be referred to as content or technical information needed to do an adequate job and is usually acquired through formal education, on job genteelness and information media such as the manuals (Cheney, Hale and Kasper, 1990).Meanwhile, skills are referred to the specific psychomotor processes necessary to meet the current requirements of job a specific job. Skills also include facilities to choose from between the repertoire of action that may be most appropriate for their specific actions (Cheney, Hale and Kasper, 1990). Environmental projects may differ from an organization to organization and project to project, however, some skills will help in almost any environmental project. These skills include understanding the changes and understand how the organization works within the social, political and physical. Important to realize, understanding the importance of system analyst activities and the related skills and knowledge may be critical in successful of system development.3.0 KNOWLEDGE REQUIRED BY SYSTEM ANALYSTBefore starting to discerp and design a system, it is very important for a systems analyst to have sufficient knowledge about the various fields of knowledge depends primarily on the duties and level of development of the system. Based on Vitalari (1985), there are six key concepts of the knowledge base have emerge, namely, core system analysis domain knowledge, high-rated domain knowledge, application domain knowledge, functional domain knowledge, organization specific knowledge and knowledge of methods and techniques.Vitari (1985) said that core system analysis domain knowledge is essential components of system analysts knowledge to achieve satisfactory levels of performance. It is very important to meet the needs of the user to ensure the output of the system development will produce high satisfaction to the users. Important to realize that, systems analysts need to know what commitments are expected from the user and the user also knows what is expected of the systems analyst. In addition, by having this knowledge it help the system analyst to avoid committing mistakes and delaying the project to be completed. Whereas high rated domain knowledge is referred to the knowledge that distinguishes high rated analysts from low rated analysts. Application domain knowledge is a knowledge related to several information system applicat ions such as expert system, decision support system, transaction processing system and end user computing.4.0 MOST IMPORTANT SKILLS AND COMPETENCIES FOR SYSTEM ANALYSTThe system analyst needs certain skills to conduct system development. They need the skills to do systems analysis and design, where they have to understand what stakeholders (users, clients and technical staffs) need as to analyze the flow of data or enter data in a systematic, process or transform data, store data, and output information in the specific context of the business (Kendell and Kendell, 2010). Systems analysts aim to improve and develop information systems and information technology to get the best bene run intos for business especially in solving the business problems. Essentially, job skills support the core information system capabilities to determine the effective exploitation of technology innovation for IT organizations (Lerogue, Newton and Blanton, 2005). There are number of opinions that take out the skills that system analyst should be possessed to be successful. Following is the most important skills and competencies for a system analyst as pointed by various authors. uninflected skillsAccording to Misic and Graf (2002) in their article entitled System analyst and skills in the millennium, analytical skills were considered the most important skills in the system development. Analytical skills can be defined as the skill to examine things critically and/or minutely, to separate the clear picture into its individual components (Misic and Graf, 2002). As indicated by Misic and Graf (2002), these skills provide the primary root for an individual to adapt to changes in technology and by focusing on the development of their current employees and / or recruiting new employees that strong analytical skills of focusing in the first place on a technical background, management information system will form a team development to be successful today and also in the face of the next wave of inevitable change and stress in their technological procedures. They also indicated that, this skill is applied in defining and analyzing requirements and insuring the fit within the organizations information system environment. In other hands, analytical skills were involved in the analysis process where it is the task to understand the whole of something by prison-breaking it down into important components. By understanding its components and how they fit together in a larger whole, it leads to understand the whole better.Analytical skill requires a system analyst to precisely in defining the problems. It is a fact that, knowing how to define a problem is a tough part. They have to find a way to break things into elements and utilize those elements to understand the real situations. The system analyst tasks might involve visualizing, articulating, and solving complex problems and concepts, and making sensible decisions based on information available. Analytical skills ass ist the system analyst to figure out the needs of the organizations and then try to satisfy those needs with a new system development.The growing use of technology has become a major part of the organization around the world. This led to the making the task of properly defines the problem ever more difficult. The system analyst has to be more precise in defining the problem besides determining the scope of a new system. This is the task where, system analysts have to properly define the possible problem and the target where they aim to hit. Important to know that, if the problem is wrongly identified it may impact on the system development, such as the new system will not well known, more time needed to do some search on a new system and many possible issues might be occurred. In contrast, if the problems are well identified with the analytical skill is applied to do this the solutions to the particular problem are usually straightforward. Furthermore, to ensure the problem is prec isely identified, systems analysts need to analyze and address the available information, to know what information sources are good, to be able to access and to make effective use in developing a new system. Identifying very clearly defined and specific problem is an important step to successfully implement the first solution.Interpersonal skills and communication skillsInterpersonal and communication skills are other skills that required by every system analyst. Such skills are required at various stages of the development process for interacting with the users and try to identify their requirements in order to find out possible solutions to that particular problem. Interpersonal skills are related with individual skills needed to interact with individuals that associated with an IS project. In other words, interpersonal skills also can be referred as a deportment and attitudes of individual, interpersonal communication and group behaviour in the IS context (Lerouge, Newton and Bl anton, 2005). According to Lerouge, Newton and Blanton, (2005) in their study, IS managers have viewed these skills as the most important set skills for a system analyst in affecting IS success, whereas, for CIOs and end users indicated that technical skills were the most vital skills in successful of system development. Several authors indicated that behavioural, social, communication and salving skills are sometimes referred to interpersonal skills as its characteristic represents the individual behaviours such as articulating and speaking skills to interact with the users, ability to work in a team such as programmers, analysts and other system professionals, personal motivation and working independently, good listener, ability to write and many more. Based on Odini (1991), interpersonal skills are term use to describe variety of social and communicative skills that involve two way communication skills, styles of positive demeanor, leadership and teamwork and understanding of h uman behavior and interpersonal relationships in terms of interaction with relevant individuals. In contrast, Misic and Graf (2004) have distinguished interpersonal and communication skills into two different categories. Interpersonal skills are the ability to interact with other workers including end users, other system analyst, managers and outside vendors. Meanwhile, communication skills are referred to the ability of people to effectively write and speak clearly, able to sum a document and that document must be understandable to the users.Most of the company IT based found that interpersonal skills or communication skills in both speaking and writing and ability to work in a team are very important and necessary to carry out their task. A system analyst needs to have communication skills as they are required to write user requirements into technical specifications. It is a fact that, good communication skills is implication to help the system analyst to interact with users in order to identify their needs, to interact with system designers to assist them in developing of a system user interface as well as to communicate with the system developer as to keep track of system development. According to Green (1989), system analysts believe that they must imprecate on behavioral skills to effectively interact with user during the crucial stages of problem definition and analysis. As indicated by Misic and Graf (2004), if a system analyst is able to interact well with users, it shows that he or she has the ability to work with members of the project team. Moreover, a system analyst should spend time getting close to the diverse stakeholders such as users, client and technical staffs in order to obtain information as they are the group of people who will use a new system and will benefit most from it. Generally, interpersonal skill is a significant factor in the success of a system analyst in developing system. The excellent system analyst is involved in every aspect of the system development process, and is actively involved in the interaction design for the system. They have an understanding of the various ways the stakeholder need to interact with the system, understand the different needs and to identify the different aspects of design that will work for different stakeholders.Based on Green (1989), management must recognize that successful system development depends on both behavioral and technical skills. He added that, training to improve behavioral skills such as interviewing and listening is needed. This is because they have to interact with many groups of people in various businesses where this group of people provides valuable insights to ensure the system satisfies the business needs. Besides, system analysts also liaise with almost every department of the business that is involved in solving the system problem. In addition, management must also provide an orientation program for the users involved in new projects. This progr am is mainly about the specific activities of system development and related skills needs for analysis. This program may facilitate the improvement of interaction skills and promoting greater consumer awareness of the importance of behavioral skills for systems development functions (Green, 1989).Technical skillsThere is no doubt that technical skills are areas commonly considered major to the computer related profession including system analyst. According to Misic and Graf (2004) technical skills are the ability to use techniques such as the development of systems of functional decomposition, data flow diagrams, process specifications, object-oriented analysis, data modeling, computer programming, hardware and software knowledge and other tools that are recognized to help in the development of a system. Similar with Lerouge, Newton and Blanton (2005) technical skills referred to hardware, software and programming aspects of information systems.In different point of views, Gallagher et. al (2010) indicated that technical skills can be divided into three major categories, foundational skills, in operation(p) skills and essential skills. Table 1, shows some of the technical skills that need to be possessed by every IT professional.Table 1 Technical SkillsFoundational SkillsOperational SkillsEssential SkillsProgrammingSystem testingDesktop Support/ HelpdeskDatabase Design / ManagementOperating SystemsVoice / Data Telecommunications trading operationsService HostingContinuity / Discovery PlanningMainframe / LegacySystems AnalysisSystems DesignIT Architectures / StandardSource Adapted from Gallagher et. al (2010)Based on the in a higher place table, it can be assumed that system analyst requires all three technical skills as to stay competitive with todays dynamic environment, especially in the emergence of the internet and intranet technologies. This rapid change in technology forced the system analyst to prepare and focuses on the system analysis and developmen t of a system by mastering all relevant technical skills. Foundation skills are skills to be obtained in advance by system analysts for their basic knowledge for go along career growth as well as before further develop to a higher level of skills. Whereas as indicated by Gallagher et. al (2010), operational skills often in particular, but they are usually not firm-specific. Though, they may be specific to technology providers such as, IBM mainframes or Microsoft server products. These skills are important to solve problems that are related to the computers and both hardware and software. Meanwhile, essential skills are the most important skills in assisting a system analyst to perform task in analyzing and designing of system development.There are changes in the system analyst technical skill set due to the development of technology. In addition, these skills have increasingly emphasized across all IS job. According to Lee (2002), the skills involved were desktop, operating systems , third generation languages, database and packages as well. In contrast, Haga et. al (2007), have identified three major technical skills set that is listed in the job bank, there are, database skills, operating system skills and other miscellaneous skills. Table 2, summarizes the technical skills required for a system analyst listed in the job bank. Some of these skills are crucial for them to operate and implement the system development.Table 1 Technical skills required for system analyst listed in the job bank.Database SkillsOperating System SkillsOther Miscellaneous SkillsOracleSQL PL/SQLDatabaseDB2SQL ServerPowerbuilderSysbaseData Mining/ Data WarehousingInformixDelpiUNIX/LINUX get along NTWin 95/98/2000AS400/ OS400MainframeJCLNovellSun SolarisDOSMAC OSMS OfficeInternet/ Intranet DevelopmentNetworking/TelecomSAPAccounting (pay-roll, etc)PeoplesoftTech Support/ Help DeskERPLotus NotesumlCrystal ReportsVisionSource Adapted from Haga et. al (2007)5.0 CONCLUSIONIt can be conclude d that excellent system analyst only can be developed through appropriate skills and sufficient knowledge. While developing an effective project team members, the team leader also need to have multiple skills in managing those people in the project management. According to Tan (2004), due to multi-disciplinary and multi-dimensional of project management, a good manager is an individual that can wear multiple hats and work in any discipline of development to plug up any shortcomings. For system analysts, it is necessary for them to fulfil the excellent system analyst characteristic in order to achieve project goals on time and within the budget besides preventing a conflict with others in the same project.