Does Free Trade Exist in Reality Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Does Free Trade Exist in Reality - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that as the world rotates, the flow of trade among nations also circles around those that are involved in it. Basically, these nations engage in trade for the benefit of the economy and the establishment of alliances. The common perception of many regarding the concept of free trade based on the word itself is that it is a free form of trade and that anybody or any nation may enter any marketplace without having to deal with any complexities because certainly, it is free. This conventional idea of free trade is to some degree justifiable; however, the non-vulnerability of free trade to any complexities is something that needs a more concise explanation. Because if one will consider free trade as trade without complexities, then the entrance of illegal objects from one nation to another is possible, but if a free trade will become subject to a particular number of restrictions, then its administration becomes less complicated. According to C olton, free trade is an influential phrase. It leads many people to believe that commerce means freedom, that ports are open to all traders, and trade can be done anywhere to anyone. He further argued that these notions may seem reasonable enough with reference to the meaning of the word free, but the enchanting character of these phrases is actually misleading. Because of the true definition behind the phrase â€Å"free trade,† lies in the opposite of the obvious meaning that it expresses. Therefore, Colton justifies the idea that free trade is not inherently free; that it is subject to laws and regulations, which impedes the assumption of its being free. Rather than formulate a concise definition of free trade, scholars opted to assume that free trade has an understandable (yet vague) definition. Driesen has stated that in academic writings and in the interpreted decisions of the General Agreement of Tariffs and Trade (GAAT), vague terms such as trade barriers and trade res trictions are being used to exemplify the things that trade must become the free form of. However, the presence of these terms still does not help in the formulation of an exact definition of free trade. It goes to show that, in spite of free trade’s long existence, its concept has remained broad and ill-defined. Baggini and Fost have taken as an example "the justice of free trade." They have stated that when it comes to providing a definition of free trade, many do consider it as trade, which is not disrupted by any local or international trade restrictions. This meaning according to some philosophers refers to a fixed definition of free trade based on the thought of the words itself; however, with this definition, many people will argue that they have a precise or more appropriate definition of the term. These arguments will eventually result in varied justifications of free trade leading to contrasting conclusions in due regard to its justice. Creating clear definitions of difficult concepts as claimed by Baggini and Fost is crucial to refrain from having further discussions with its definition. The development of a single definition of free trade is still at the stage of discussions; therefore, its definition may vary and is still unfixed. Thus, a clear definition of free trade has to be developed not based on the term itself but based on its application in the world of trade, to put an end to this confusion. Hence, it can be said that "free trade refers to" the omission "of barriers to international trade", barriers that hinder its smooth sailing entrance to the international market.

Juvenile Delinquency related to drugs and alcohol Essay Example for Free

Juvenile Delinquency related to drugs and alcohol Essay To tackle this topical issue, it is fairly relevant to first of all define some key terminology employed in contextual jargon as regards the question at hand. At the fore, a juvenile can be said to be a minor of such age as may be stipulated by a particular state, usually below the age of sixteen (16) or seventeen (17) years, who may be in the frame of mind to willfully conceive criminal intent whilst perpetrating a crime, be it in the form of a robbery, murder or assorted other criminal acts. Along the same line, ‘juvenile crime’ denotes several offences committed by the said minors (less than 18 years), infamously referred to as juvenile delinquency, and may include acts which would be considered ‘crimes’ if committed by adults, and misbehavior like disobedience to parents and authorities or even instances of truancy. As may be warranted by prevailing circumstance, such youthful offenders may be put to trial as either full-blown adults or simply in a capacity as juveniles, as influenced by a variety of factors, inclusive of the severity of the crime in question. For the more weighty crimes, the juvenile offender may be tried in either a juvenile or adult court, then subsequently incarcerated among the adults or juveniles, as the presiding judge may deem fit. More serious criminal offences may even spell out prison sentences for the ‘minor’ (Stafford, 1991). However, the root causes of juvenile delinquency remain a baffling mystery, as clear-cut reasons are yet to be outlined for the same. However, it is clear that the major causes of delinquency are the use of alcohol and abuse of drugs and substances. Some theorists pen a myriad of intervention mechanisms to aid in arresting this situation before it grows into being the downfall of youths the world over. In this reaction paper, I endeavor to handle each of these issues, one at a time (Shaw, 1942).). Drug trafficking has become the major source of violence in the country with rival gangs engaging in extreme violence that sometimes leads to fatality. Drug abusers sometimes results to crime in order to acquire money to satisfy their addictions since drugs are expensive. Furthermore, drugs alienate one from reality and leads to aggressive behavior which results to violence or misdemeanor. A lot of attention has been given in this area and extensive findings exist. However, it is clear that there is room for more to be done since this existing literature has not resulted to a dramatic decrease from behavior that is considered wrong in society. Furthermore, there seems to be little or inadequate research on the effect of to younger siblings if their older counterparts are abusers of alcohol and drugs (Kuntsche et al, 2009). Causal Relationships Diverse theories have been put forth as relates to the chief reasons why there is the onset of juvenile tendencies in the first place, and why this eventually metamorphosis’s into criminality in the long run. Among those advanced include schools of thought which are modeled around historical and modern – day scenarios. These theoretical traditions range from deliberations on; Theories:   Early theories – these peg the juvenile tendencies to the forces of nature, for example, spiritual beings and even demons. Key aspects in this arena include deliberations on naturalism (the science relating human affairs and eventual behavior to interactions with the forces of nature) and spiritualism, whereby deviance and criminal tendencies can be pegged to influences of nature, and the perpetrator’s inappropriate connection with supernatural powers that be. In this theory, offenses were considered to be against nature itself The Classical theory, which goes on to rationalize personal choice, brings to focus the issue of humanitarianism. Theorists here are of the stance that proven perpetrators ought to be held personally accountable for their delinquent acts, and that punishment was best administered accordingly. This was based on the premises that humans are by nature reasonably rational, criminality being morally wrong and outlawed in society, and also that the civil society would play its role of disciplining wrong-doers as a form of deterrent mechanism, with such punishment being proportionate to the crime at hand (Loeber, 1989). Biological theories, which detail the physiological developmental traits of juveniles, in relation to their physical development, mental (under) development, or even hereditary characteristics, and their eventual impact on human behavior. It holds that some people are naturally-inclined toward being deviant, and that it is woven-into their genes, with little or no chance of altering this state of being. The point of note here is that delinquency and its roots are traced to a person’s physical/ physiological predisposition, as opposed mainly to the question of free will. Chief among these are theories dealing with hereditary issues (heredity), evolution of man and his characteristics (atavism), as well as, The development of certain bodily traits that are common amongst people already oriented toward behaving in a particular manner (somatotyping), to name but a few. Psychological theories – these touch on psychopathic personalities, correlation between dysfunctional and/ or troubled childhoods and the prevalence of the juvenile mannerisms in individuals. These also ascribe deviant behavior to one’s surrounding environment, as may be influenced by chemical interplay in the brain, or an assorted number of reasons. Here, it is necessary to   point out that delinquents may not have a sense of right or wrong as they go about their deviant actions, and that not only can’t they control themselves, but also, their personalities border being christened ‘abnormal’, and the root of such can be re-traced back to their age as little children. These include; Psychopathology, which relates one’s lack of a viable conscience to deviant mannerisms and also, the dys-functioning of given personalities, conditioning, which details the response to stimulating factors prevalent in the environment, and Psychoanalysis, dealing with incomplete development of one’s personality. Sociological theories – serve to link deviance to societal interactions and also the already existing caste structures, not to mention the inherent disparities in existence between the level of achieving goals and objectives and actually being in a position to go about the same. These include; Differential Association theory, which deals with ways in which we as humans have the tendency of picking up all manner of behavior from those around us. It further posits that delinquency is an acquired behavior that is adopted from lifestyles of varying criminals. The Structural/ Social Ecology theory, as pertains to structural conditions in a given area that may play a pivotal role in shaping the mental framework of individuals inhabiting that area. These include; overcrowding, unemployment, poor housing, poverty, sub-standard sanitation, and last but not least, illegitimate births. Strain and anomie theory; anomie details the aspect of lack of norms in society, especially in instances where there may be experienced some upheavals like wars and the like. When this materializes, the traditional customs and regulations are no longer abided by. Conversely, Strain refers to a situation whereby there already exists a standard set of acceptable goals and means of achieving the same. The inherent problem however, is that not all members of society have the necessary resources to go about meeting this end, thus, a scenario of need is created with some members literally straining to make ends meet, as it were. Thus, lack of opportunity and inequality can be zoned off as the major bones of contention here. Critical theory – has a lot to do with forces of subjugation in society, and also the capitalistic nature of shrewd individuals. Societal inequities play a major role in molding the character and adaptive mind-state of given persons, more so in the earlier years right after one begins the journey to discover him/ herself.   This is further broken down into; Radical criminology; this has the general proposition that since the wealth and power in society have been inequitably distributed, then, those less economically empowered will ultimately seek out alternative modes, mostly of criminal nature, so as to achieve whatever it is they are in (dire) need of. This situation is set to persist until control mechanisms are put in place by society to ensure that all and sundry are catered for as pertains to the same. Conflict theory; the main assumption is that societal conflicts and tensions are part and parcel of society in general. There thus arises a distinctive classification of peoples, pitting the haves against the have-nots, with the latter being tagged in a relatively negative light. The theory posits that there subsequently arises the need for specialized institutions that can be employed to maintain a certain degree of law and order in society. Thus, in a nutshell, this theory serves to deliberate the economic tensions created, focus being placed on the political and economic systems in existence.

Thousand Cranes Essay -- essays research papers

Trace Motif in Thousand Cranes In the book Thousand Cranes there are plenty of motifs. One motif is Chikako’s poison. She is a person who loves to meddle in people’s lives. Chikako had an affair with Kikuji’s father and now that he is dead she starts to interfere with Kikuji’s life. Chikako uses manipulation to get what she wants even if it destroys people’s lives. This meddling that she does is her poison. Chikako has a huge ugly birthmark on her breast and this is the source of all of her bitterness and poison. â€Å"Chikako unmarried because of the birthmark.†(Page 5). She believes that she can not get married because of the ugly birthmark and no one will ever love her. The only the man that ever gave her any attention was Kikuji’s father, which at that time he had a wife and another mistress. This adds to Chikako’s bitterness, which in result sets her to destroy the lives of the people involved in her life. She believes that if she couldn’t love then no one else would. Chikako begins by going after Mrs. Ota, the other mistress of Kikuji’s father, because she was jealous of the relationship that she was having with Kikuji’s father. Chikako would start rumors about Mrs. Ota and tell them to Kikuji because she knew of his affair with Mrs. Ota. â€Å"You must be careful with her. So meek and gentle-she always manages to make it look as if she could do no one the least harm. But you can never tell what she’s thinking† (Page 22-23). Chikako is trying to destroy Mrs. Ota and Kikuji’s...

I: The Better Part of Justice

Through two separate cases and decisions respecting the affirmative action policy at the University of Michigan, the Supreme Court offered two opposite opinions on the same question—striking down the university’s undergraduate College of Literature, Science and the Arts (LSA) affirmative action policy (Gratz v. Bollinger, 6-3) in 2003 and upholding the University of Michigan Law School’s (UMLS) affirmative action policy (Grutter v. Bollinger, 5-4) at the same time. However, the specific reasoning for each of the two different opinions explains the court’s seemingly contradictory rulings. In the Grutter v. Bollinger decision of this reverse discrimination challenge, the Supreme Court agreed that the State had a compelling interest in an ethnically diverse student body at UMLS which afforded applicants who are ethnic minorities a greater regard in their candidature for acceptance to the law school. UMLS considered candidates holistically and did not award them points solely on the basis of their ethnic minority status. The Court held that the practice is not prohibited by the U.S. Constitution and was in keeping with the narrow tailoring set forth by Regents of the University of California v. Bakke, 438 U.S. 265 (1978) for how affirmative action admission policies might be devised when informed by the Fourteenth Amendment. Moreover, the Court said that the affirmative action policy ought not to be permanent and should be replaced by a color-blind policy after twenty-five years at which time affirmative action in admissions should no longer be necessary. Concerning Gratz v. Bollinger, the Court’s opinion was opposite the Grutter case finding that the affirmative action policy used by LSA was a violation of the Fourteenth Amendment. Unlike UMLS, LSA automatically awarded points to ethnic minority applicants on the basis of their minority ethnicity alone as opposed to the special consideration of each candidate as an individual like UMLS did. Thus, the Court sided with the plaintiffs against Bollinger because of the automatic nature of the preferential treatment of ethnic minority candidates for no other considerations than race. This was viewed as a blatant violation of the U.S. Constitution because the numeric system was not narrowly tailored and failed to meet the standard of strict scrutiny. It is clear from these two cases and Supreme Court decisions that affirmative action as a means to student diversity was not in contention for the Court but rather the administration of any such policy. The how was the real heart of the matter and not whether such a policy was needed at this point in time in American history. As in almost any case, it is the details that ultimately determine the court’s as well as the public’s opinion on an issue before them. II: The Affirmative Action Controversy Ironically, Boatright’s â€Å"No† (p. 179) column against affirmative action on the whole were more compelling arguments in support of why the U.S. government should implement affirmative action in employment and in education than the â€Å"Yes† (p. 178) column favoring the policy. Although Justice O’Connor appealed to research in social science in her composition of the majority decision, like the â€Å"Yes† column arguments seem to do, the logical thinking of the â€Å"No† column appeals to reason and justice. When relevantly compared to the almost four centuries of societal and institutional discrimination and prejudice, the view that affirmative action promotes a victim mindset is an incompetent argument and becomes fallacious. The logical argument is that the very maltreatment itself is the greatest cause of any sense of victim identity as it would be in a criminal case (e.g., rape, assault, mugging, etc.). Contrarily, affirmative action is likely to foster a sense of relief or appreciation like when the criminal that victimized someone is caught. Furthermore, special consideration in getting a foot in the door of a school or job does not ‘taint’ the work or confidence of individuals—as we see from the privileged access white ethnics have enjoyed in the Americas since the 1600s—who understand the difference between access and performance and are often anxious to prove their worth for which the lack of access is a barrier. Once access is granted to those it has been denied, they desire to â€Å"succeed or fail on an equal basis† (p. 179) just as any other privileged class claims to desire. Although racial tensions may arise, it is a stretch of the imagination to argue that affirmative action is somehow worse than racial prejudice and discrimination respecting racial tensions or anything else. One day the pernicious effects of racial discrimination may well be in the past like American slavery is but they are not past yet. Sparing white ethnics from reverse discrimination sometimes is inadequate as a defense for maintaining the status quo in the quixotic hope that institutional prejudice and discrimination against ethnic minorities will someday just fade away. Certainly, the abundant evidence of discrimination is comparable to the special preferences afforded war veterans, Holocaust victims, 9/11 attack victims, their families, and affected businesses as well as displaced victims of Hurricane Katrina. Like the Tsunami victims in 2004 half the world away, the U.S. government recognizes by its own actions that victims of disaster, domestically or internationally, require some type of preferred assistance to overcome the devastating effects of something inflicted upon them. Victims of the long-lasting effects and consequences of the peculiar institution of slavery in the U.S. are just as deserving of special consideration as victims of events or forces that warrant special attention from the FEMA or the Red Cross or any number of other governmental and non-governmental organizations domestically and internationally which are dedicated to providing assistance to affected persons with particular regard to race. For example, these organizations would not locate themselves in England but in Ethiopia or Indonesia or Haiti. Moreover, because the aim of affirmative action is to increase ethnic diversity in colleges and universities and access to employment it does not explicitly quash the special privileges enjoyed by white ethnics with regard to access to higher education or gainful employment. The idea that race-neutral criteria can work, or are even just in this job/school context given the longstanding social history of the condition, to correct the tremendous inequities caused and maintained by institutional discrimination against ethnic minorities is unrealistic at best and underhanded in the least. It essentially is an argument for the status quo because it offers no compelling alternative public policy by which the object of ending racial inequity in schools and the labor market is begun. It would restore the privileges of the ethnic majority unabated while relegating the ethnic minority(ies) of the nation to feed on the scraps from the table of the descendants of their former slave masters. It takes no stretch of the imagination to see how such a non-policy policy would be the very framework of wider racial tensions on par with the widening gap between rich and poor in the United States. References Grutter v. Bollinger, 539 U.S. 306 (2003) and Gratz v. Bollinger, 539 U.S. 244 (2003). Writs of Certiorari to the United States Court Of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit (Nos. 02-241, 02-516). Retrieved April 29, 2007, from http://www.oag.state.ny.us/press/2003/feb/grutter_vs_bollinger.pdf   

Short Story: The Desert

â€Å"Alex! †¦..Alex! Where are you?† roared Mike running around the desert. He heard loud footsteps coming towards him, they were getting closer†¦ closer but before he could turn around and get a glimpse of the person, he found his legs running again! He ran rapidly. In spite of his efforts, the stranger got hold of Mike. â€Å"Leave me alone, please, I didn't do anything† yelled Mike, who was breathless. Finally, the stranger spoke â€Å"It's me Alex, get a grip on yourself. Why were you running like a wild cheetah?† With grief, Mike spoke â€Å"Oh Alex†¦..I thought it was†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Before he could finish, they hugged each other. Mike's small, pale blue eyes were filled with tears, which were gradually coming out. Besides, Mike's condition was so bad that even Alex's exceptional sense of humour did not even cheer Mike up. Then, Alex said â€Å"Come on Alex, lets go for a stroll† in a weary tone. The lonely brothers were lingering through the boiling desert. Mike was sweltering, particularly his feet, which were crammed in reeking white socks. Ingeniously, as if he had read Mike's mind, he stepped in front of him, with his shimmering, new shoes. Alex's healthy and built-up body managed to give his little, unfortunate brother some shade. Mike, who was extremely exasperated, started bickering to himself. A lust of dirt got into Alex's eyes. As he raised his sweating long arms, his wristwatch was reflecting rays off light; frustrated he cleared the dirt from his eyes. From a far distance, the twin-like brothers spotted a massive tree filled with dead leaves. Finally, they got some rest. As they sat down, a bunch of starving vultures were hovering around the sky. Mike was wearing a thick pair of glasses, a tucked shirt, with a tomato red tie and casual pants. Whilst, Alex wore a sports top, low-waist jeans and shoes which were untied. It seems as if they come from two different worlds; however, they were brothers and did have similarities. The two ill-fated brothers were stuck in the middle of the Sahara Desert. The sun had started to set. It was getting dark, and Mike started to panic. Weird sounds of howling were coming and so were grumbling noises came from their empty stomachs. Alex, who was extremely arid, started licking his sticky, sweating palms. It was midnight, and by now, both the brothers were creeped out and the small brother was so scared, he hugged his elder brother. His two pale arms flung around Alex's back. The two brothers could feel the warmth, although thus peaceful moment didn't last long. BANG!! An extremely loud sound was heard. It seemed as if the sun was shot down into a million microscopic pieces. Mike's heart pounded so loud that Alex could hear it drumming in his chest. An owl hooted closeby and Mike was sure he could see the glimmer of ghostly nocturnal eyes emerging into the night. Wild animals were approaching them hungrily; tonight Alex and Mike would be dinner unless they acted quickly. Mike turned to Alex and said â€Å"What are they frightened of? What can keep them away?† â€Å"Fire† said Alex, â€Å"we must light a fire now, it's our only chance.† Alex had been a boy scout and he suddenly felt thankful for all those cold and damp camping trips, his parents had made him take. Without wasting a single second, Alex told Mike how to make a fire and both brothers gathered the materials together. The flint they found would not light, but all of a sudden a spark ignited and the embers of a fire began to flicker. The dry wood started to burn rigorously and scared the hungry creatures away. It was only then that Mike saw the stranger approaching through the campfire smoke.

Same Sex Marriage Should Be Legalized

Same Sex Marriage Should Be Legalized Same Sex Marriage Should Be Legalized The debate on monogamy is often used as the counterargument to reserving the marriage rights to heterosexual couples. In other words, the advocates of gay marriage claim that most men in the heterosexual couples are not monogamous, but that faithfulness to one partner is demanded from gay couples in order to be recognized by law or the society. The debate on gay marriage rights is a fierce fight, employing all possible means and measures to prove ones point. This paper by referring to the most recent debate on gay marriage, argues that gay marriage should be given the same rights as heterosexual marriage and that the gay marriage should be legalized in the modern society. Many liberal and radical politicians today argue in favor of gay marriage or commitment ceremonies within the church so that lesbians and gay men can take part in church life. The gay rights advocates claim that the issue of allowing gay marriages is not entirely a religious one. As put by Julian Bond (2007 gay and lesbian rights are not 'special rights' in any way. It isn't 'special' to be free from discriminationit is an ordinary, universal entitlement of citizenship. In other words, the author argues that gay people should be given the same rights as heterosexual individuals who, for instance, are not excluded form the church if they commit adultery or get divorced. Yet there are many opponents of gay marriage who suggest that such strategy of allowing gay marriages to have the same rights as heterosexual unions is misguided. Various scholars state that it is essential instead to look beyond the currently popular political struggle for recognition of same-sex unions and gay families, into a landscape where the heart of sexual morality lies (Rauch 2004). Many family values campaigns have gained ground by promoting a view of the family as a haven in a heartless world. These conservatives understand that the Christian message is designed for a unit larger than one individual, that morality and faithfulness can only be achieved in a group setting (O'Brien, 2004). In their focus on the family, they appeal to those who feet isolated and detached from larger units. The family provides contemporary Americans with a tool for overcoming the crippling and lonely effects of individuality. Such campaigns tell people that they are not alone as long as they ha ve a family. Modern individuals need to work to disrupt the self-contained, isolated human subject. At the same time, advocates of gay marriages argue that if same-sex marriage is prohibited, as the eleven state referenda lost in the last election year [2004] would have it, a significant percentage of the population will continue to lose out on the 1,138 federal rights that marriage conveys (Hunt, 2005, p. 36). Each year more and more couples publicly pledge commitment. Each year more lesbians and gay men become families by producing or adopting children. The pro-family gay discourse accompanying these efforts tells one that the legalization of domestic partnership and the subsequent sanctioning of gay families is the way to end discrimination. The family has become the vehicle, Hunt (2005) claims, for gays to fit into society, to blend into the heterosexual landscape, to be accepted. As Jonathan Rauch (2004) writes, Domestic-partner and other marriage-lite arrangements, as I can't resist calling them, do not give homosexuals what they need. They also do not give society what it ne eds. Both authors agree that institution of marriage will provide gay men and women with solid psychological support, allowing them to feel as equal members of the community. At the same time, opponents of gay marriages state that, when analyzed closely, the families of gay people bring a different message into the society than their heterosexual counterparts. Where the conservative family consists of a married couple and their biological children, the gay families come in all sorts of configurations, from a committed lesbian or gay man raising a child alone, to more complicated arrangements (Musgrave, 2006). AdvocatÐ µs of thÐ µ gay marriagÐ µ havÐ µ diligÐ µntly pushÐ µd thÐ µ idÐ µa that contract, not biology, crÐ µatÐ µs parÐ µntal obligations, in part bÐ µcausÐ µ it is thÐ µ only possiblÐ µ way for samÐ µ-sÐ µx couplÐ µs to havÐ µ childrÐ µn togÐ µthÐ µr. ThÐ µ old stubborn rÐ µality that thÐ µ pÐ µoplÐ µ who makÐ µ thÐ µ baby arÐ µ his parÐ µnts must bÐ µ put asidÐ µ to accommodatÐ µ an infinitÐ µ divÐ µrsity of adult choicÐ µ. It is Ð µasy to makÐ µ a baby, but it is hard to lovÐ µ and protÐ µct and providÐ µ for childrÐ µn to adulthood. OnÐ µ important goal of statÐ µ rÐ µgulation of intimacy has bÐ µÃ µn to Ð µnsurÐ µ that childrÐ µn havÐ µ what thÐ µy nÐ µÃ µd. AdvocatÐ µs of family divÐ µrsity tÐ µll gays that it is thÐ µrÐ µforÐ µ cruÐ µl to dÐ µprivÐ µ any actual child of whatÐ µvÐ µr bÐ µnÐ µfit can bÐ µ milkÐ µd from thÐ µ statÐ µ by having thÐ µ law prÐ µfÐ µr any family form. If thÐ µ adults havÐ µ dÐ µcidÐ µd to bÐ µ parÐ µnts, thÐ µ statÐ µ should applaud and Ð µnforcÐ µ this dÐ µcision, no mattÐ µr how or who or Ð µvÐ µn how many (Ilana, 2004). Many bÐ µliÐ µvÐ µ that lÐ µgal rÐ µcognition for samÐ µ-sÐ µx couplÐ µs is positivÐ µ for thÐ µ sociÐ µty. Еxpanding lÐ µgal marriagÐ µ would bÐ µ thÐ µ most straightforward way to Ð µxtÐ µnd rÐ µcognition, but many considÐ µr morÐ µ limitÐ µd lÐ µgal rÐ µcognition in spÐ µcific contÐ µxts to bÐ µ dÐ µsirablÐ µ as wÐ µll. Many also rÐ µcognizÐ µ that thÐ µ Ð µmotional and symbolic significancÐ µ of marriagÐ µ for non-gay pÐ µoplÐ µ may provÐ µ a significant political barriÐ µr to thÐ µ kind of full marriagÐ µ rights that havÐ µ bÐ µÃ µn grantÐ µd to samÐ µ-sÐ µx partnÐ µrs in a numbÐ µr of countriÐ µs and somÐ µ statÐ µs in AmÐ µrica. At thÐ µ samÐ µ timÐ µ, thÐ µrÐ µ arÐ µ many individuals who havÐ µ arguÐ µd strongly that sÐ µxual minoritiÐ µs should not bÐ µ sÐ µÃ µking thÐ µ right to marry bÐ µcausÐ µ of thÐ µ history of marriagÐ µ as a patriarchal, confining institution inimical to human frÐ µÃ µdom an d happinÐ µss. ЕvÐ µn thosÐ µ who makÐ µ such argumÐ µnts, howÐ µvÐ µr, tÐ µnd to support morÐ µ limitÐ µd, spÐ µcific forms of lÐ µgal rÐ µcognition for samÐ µ-sÐ µx rÐ µlationships on pragmatic grounds. ThÐ µ supportÐ µrs of gay marriagÐ µ assumptions arÐ µ not all basÐ µd on Ð µmpirical Ð µvidÐ µncÐ µ dÐ µrivÐ µd from sciÐ µntific rÐ µsÐ µarch, although somÐ µ of thÐ µm may gain crÐ µdÐ µncÐ µ from thÐ µ rÐ µsults that havÐ µ bÐ µÃ µn announcÐ µd by sciÐ µntific and historical rÐ µsÐ µarchÐ µrs in rÐ µcÐ µnt yÐ µars (CarpÐ µntÐ µr, 2003). WhÐ µrÐ µ thÐ µ traditional family strivÐ µs to closÐ µ itsÐ µlf off from outsidÐ µ influÐ µncÐ µs, oftÐ µn shunning Ð µvÐ µn thÐ µ involvÐ µmÐ µnt of grandparÐ µnts or distant rÐ µlativÐ µs, gay familiÐ µs arÐ µ usually opÐ µn to thÐ µ involvÐ µmÐ µnt of many diffÐ µrÐ µnt kinds of rÐ µlationships. It is not uncommon for thÐ µ childrÐ µn of gay pÐ µoplÐ µ to havÐ µ two mommiÐ µs (a biological mothÐ µr and hÐ µr partnÐ µr), and two daddiÐ µs (a biological fathÐ µr and his partnÐ µr) and numÐ µrous aunts, unclÐ µs, and othÐ µrs who arÐ µ rÐ µlatÐ µd to thÐ µ child not by blood but by choicÐ µ. Gay families are often presented in non-traditional ways. On the one hand, the issue of gay marriage is quite a recent phenomenon. On the other hand, young gay people need some sort of psychological support and vision of the future to live and become happy. Gay marriage seems to provide them with such comfort (Bond, 2007). In conclusion, many modern progressive thinkers are deeply persuaded that the institution of marriage will save the society. The current gay pro-family agenda is clear and unambiguous: gay people refer to their civic rights that endow them with the equal treatment in the society, including the ability to marry and build a family. It is not claimed that homosexual unions are trouble-free, but gays should be treated fairly and presented with the comfort and support that traditional family settings offer.

Teenage Drinking Essay

Teenage Drinking Essay Free Online Research Papers Although there has been a decrease in the percent of high school seniors that have used alcohol but still eighty percent of high school seniors have used alcohol. (The setting of adolescent alcohol and drug use. 1) Mothers Against Drunk Driving (MADD) says â€Å"During a typical weekend, an average of one teenager each hour is in a car crash. Just about fifty percent of those crashes involve alcohol (1). A study was conducted with 449 juniors and seniors attending two Midwestern high schools between the ages of sixteen to nineteen. The study came across at all the different settings where adolescents use alcohol and drugs. They also looked at the emphasis gender and peer groups had on the place where consumption of alcohol and drugs occurs and settings where it is most likely to take place (Teenage Drinking in America. 1). Does the setting affect the use of alcohol and drugs by adolescents? Is that setting determined by what kind of an individual you are (i.e. jock, outcast, preps, and geeks)? Alcohol consumption differs universally between male and female but also across different age groups and of social status (Teenage Drinking in America. 2). 81% of boys and 83% of girls admitted to ever using alcohol in their lifetime. On the other hand 46% of boys and 41% of girls admitted to ever using marijuana in their lifetime (6). Social crowd association has been extremely foretelling of drug and alcohol use in adolescence (3). As anticipated the group that they called the â€Å"toughies† was related to a greater substance use than any other group (6). Brown says crowds are â€Å"reputation based collectives of similarly stereotyped individuals who may or may not spend time together (3).† Females were found to most likely report using alcohol at family parties and to a certain extent in their homes than male alcohol users (9). Drinking while driving, before school events, and on streets were more common than at home with parents and or guardians (3). According to MADD, the vast majority of young people (79%) say that being drunk is appealing because it feels good. Amongst the many other reasons given are relaxation and escape. Some teenagers use alcohol as an outlet for all the stress and problems in their life (The setting of adolescent alcohol and drug use. 1). Even though the numbers might be decreasing, the problem still remains. The misconception that alcohol is not a risky drug is only going to continue to increase the numbers of teenagers using alcohol (2). The social morays have changed to be acceptant of teenage drinking. Possibly this is one of the main reasons why alcohol use often turns into alcohol abuse at such an early age (1). Research Papers on Teenage Drinking EssayThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenUnreasonable Searches and SeizuresInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesHarry Potter and the Deathly Hallows EssayHip-Hop is ArtStandardized TestingResearch Process Part One

Famous Events, Birthdays, and Inventions in July

Famous Events, Birthdays, and Inventions in July With both the first-ever U.S. patent and the first numbered patent issued in the month of July, the seventh month of the Gregorian calendar is full of historically significant inventions, patents, trademarks, and copyrights as well as a handful of famous birthdays and events. From the trademark registration of Silly Putty to Model T inventor Henry Fords birthday, find out what historical events took place on this day in the month of July. July Inventions, Trademarks, and Patents More than seven million patents have been registered out of the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) since the Patent Act of 1836 was passed on July 20 of that year (Patent X1). However, there were a great many that were registered even before that, starting with the patent issued to Samuel Hopkins on July 31, 1790, for a method of producing pot and pearl ash. July 1 1952 - The trademark for  Silly Putty was officially registered, though originally filed on March 31, 1950. A trademark protects words, names, symbols, sounds, or colors that distinguish goods and services. The roar of the MGM lion and the shape of a Coca-Cola bottle are also trademarked. July 2 1907 - Emil Haefely obtained a patent for a machine that wraps electrical conductors in insulating tubes. This method is still used for a large number of electronic devices today. July 3 1979 - The phrase Radio City Music Hall was trademark registered. July 4 1933 -  William Coolidge obtained a patent for the X-ray tube, popularly called the Coolidge tube. July 5 1988 - The Bugs Bunny phrase Whats Up, Doc? was trademark registered. July 6 1904 - Patent #764,166 was granted to Albert Gonzales for a railway switch thats still used today on railroads across America. July 7 1989 - Warner Brothers copyright registered Batman, a movie based on a popular cartoon character. July 8 1873 - Anna Nichols became the first female patent examiner. July 9 1968 - US patent #3,392,261 for the Portable Beam Generator, also known as a hand-held laser ray gun, was granted to inventor  Frederick R. Schellhammer. July 10 1847 - The rotary printing press was patented by Richard Hoe. July 11 1893 - Hoods  Sarsaparilla CIH CO Compound Extract was trademark registered, which was used as a medicine to purify the blood and treat heart disease, rheumatism, scrofula, and dropsy.1990 - Bill Atkinson, the inventor of HyperCard software, left Apple Computers along with Andy Hertzfeld, co-inventor of the Apple Macintosh, and started a new company called General Magic. July 12 1927 - Green Giant Great Big Tender Peas were trademark registered. July 13 1836 - Patents were first numbered, changing the way the system of patents and trademarks was organized. July 14 1885 -  Sarah Goode became the first black woman to receive a U.S. patent for her invention of a folding cabinet bed. July 15 1975 - The Detroit Tigers name was trademark registered.1985 - Aldus PageMaker, the first desktop publishing program, was first shipped for sale to consumers, invented by Paul Brainard. July 16 1878 - Thaddeus Hyatt was granted a patent for reinforced concrete. July 17 1888 -  Granville Woods received a patent for the tunnel construction for electric railways. July 18 1950 - The patent for producing terramycin, an  antibiotic, was issued to its inventors Sobin, Finlay, and Kane. July 19 1921 - The name Breyers Ice Cream was trademark registered. July 20 1865 - The Patent Act of 1865 directed the Commissioner of Patents to turn over patent fees to the Treasury and meet expenses through congressional appropriations, restructuring the department again. July 21 1875 - Mark Twains novel The Adventure of Tom Sawyer was copyright registered.1984 - The first robot-related fatality in the United States occurred when a factory robot in Jackson, Michigan, crushed a 34-year-old worker against a safety bar. July 22 1873 - Louis Pasteur received a patent for the manufacture of beer and treatment of yeast, which would later influence his discovery of the process known as pasteurization. July 23 1906 - The song America the Beautiful was copyright registered by Katharine Lee Bates.1872 - Jonathan Hoyt patented an improved lamp. July 24 1956 - A patent for an oral form of the antibiotic Penicillin was granted to Ernst Brandl and Hans Margreiter. July 25 1876 - Emily Tassey was granted a patent for an apparatus for raising sunken vessels. July 26 1994 -  Design patent #349,137 for a toy teddy bear was granted to Josef Gottstein. July 27 1960 - The first episode of The Andy Griffith Show was copyright registered.1921 - Canadian scientists Frederick Banting and Charles Best first isolated insulin, and within a year, the first human sufferers of diabetes were receiving insulin treatments. July 28 1885 - The ready light or taper was patented by John Mitchell. July 29 1997 - Design patent #381,781 for a swimming pool leaf and debris removal net was granted to Ross Clay. July 30 1933 - The Monopoly board game was copyright registered, and Carles Darrow, the inventor, became the first millionaire game designer after he sold his patent to Parker Brothers. July 31 1790 - Samuel Hopkins was issued the first U.S. patent for manufacturing potash. July Birthdays From the birthday of Georg Christoph Lichtenberg, the German physicist who discovered branching electric discharges inside electricity insulating materials, to the birthday of John Ericsson, who invented the screw propeller for ships, a number of great inventors and idea-makers were born in the month of July. Find out who shares your July birthday below: July 1 1742 - German  physicist  and  educator Georg Christoph Lichtenberg was known for discovering treelike patterns called Lichtenberg figures. He was known for what he called waste books, which were the detailed  notebooks  that he kept full of quotes, sketches,  and  stories.1818 -  Ignaz Semmelweis, a Hungarian  physician, was made famous for realizing that many diseases were contagious and could be drastically reduced by enforcing appropriate hand-washing behavior by medical  caregivers.1872 - Louis Bleriot was  a French aviator, inventor, and engineer; the first man to fly  an airplane  across the English  Channel, and the first to invent a working monoplane.1904 - Mary Calderone was a physician and the founder of Planned Parenthood.1908 - Estee Lauder is famous for founding Estee Lauder cosmetics, one of the most popular brands of makeup in the world. July 2 1847 - Marcel Bertrand was a French mine engineer who founded tectonic geology and formulated the orogenic wave theory of mountain-building.1888 -  Selman Waksman  was an American biochemist and microbiologist who researched organic substances and their decomposition that led to his discovery of Streptomycin and other antibiotics, for which he received the Nobel Prize in 1951.1905 - Jean Rene Lacoste was a French  designer who used  a crocodile  logo on his Lacoste shirts when he introduced them in 1929. Also a tennis player, Jean Rene Lacoste won the U.S. Open in 1926.1906 -  Hans Bethe  was a physicist  who contributed to quantum electrodynamics, nuclear physics, solid-state physics, and particle astrophysics. He was the director of the theoretical division at the Los Alamos laboratory and helped invent the first  atomic bombs, receiving  a Nobel Prize in 1967.1932 - Dave Thomas was the founder of Wendys  Restaurants chain of fast-food restaurants. July 3 1883 - Alfred Korzybski was a Polish  scientist who formulated the theory of semantics. July 4 1753 - Jean Pierre Francois Blanchard was a French balloonist who made the first aerial crossing of the English Channel and made the first balloon flight in North America1776 - The birth of the United States. The Declaration of Independence was signed, officially separating the United States from the United Kingdom.1847 - James Anthony Bailey was a circus promoter who co-started the  Barnum and Bailey Circus.1883 -  Rube Goldberg  was an American inventor, engineer, and a Pulitzer  Prize-winning  political cartoonist famous for the Rube Goldberg machine, which uses a series of moving parts to perform simple tasks.1885 - Louis B. Mayer was a motion-picture executive who founded the Hollywood film studio  Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM) and invented the star system of actors. July 5 1794 -  Sylvester Graham  invented the graham cracker.1810 - Phineas Taylor Barnum was a circus promoter who co-started the  Barnum Bailey Circus.1867 - Andrew Ellicott Douglass invented the  dendrochronology method thats used for tree-ring dating.1891 - John Northrop was an American biochemist who crystallized several enzymes and won the Nobel Prize in 1946.1904 - Ernst Mayr was a German  biologist who formulated the biological species concept. July 6 1884 - Harold Vanderbilt was known for inventing the game of contract bridge. July 7 1752 - Joseph Marie Jacquard invented the  Jacquard loom  that weaved complex designs.1922 - Pierre Cardin was a French fashion designer who invented the unisex look. July 8 1838  -  Ferdinand von Zeppelin  invented the  rigid airship.1893 - Fritz Perls invented Gestalt therapy. July 9 1802 -  Thomas Davenport  invented the first completely electric motor.1819 -  Elias Howe  invented the first American-patented sewing machine.1856 -  Nikola Tesla  was a  Croatian electrical engineer who invented the radio, X-rays, vacuum tube amplifier, alternating current,  Tesla Coil, and more, completely reshaping the world of electrical engineering, even to this day.1911 - John Archibald Wheeler was born in Florida, a theoretical physicist who coined the terms black hole and wormhole. July 10 1879 -  Harry Nicholls Holmes  was  a chemist  who crystallized vitamin A.1902 - Kurt Alder was a German chemist who formulated the Diels-Alder reaction and won a Nobel Prize in 1950.1917 - Don Herbert was an American television personality who was Mr. Wizard on a science show called Mr. Wizards World (1983–1990).1920 - Owen Chamberlain was an American physicist who discovered antiprotons and a subatomic antiparticle, and won the Nobel Prize in 1959. July 11 1838  -  John Wanamaker  invented one of the first (if not the first) true department store, the first White Sale, the first modern price tags, and the first in-store restaurant. He also pioneered the use of money-back guarantees and newspaper ads to advertise his retail goods. July 12 1730 - Josiah Wedgwood, an England pottery designer, and manufacturer, invented the technique for making Wedgwood china and industrialized the manufacturing of pottery.1849 - William Osler was a Canada physician who is considered a father of modern medicine and wrote about the circulatory system.1854 -  George Eastman  was an American inventor who invented the Kodak camera and rolled photographic film.1895 -  Buckminster Fuller  was an American  architect who invented the geodesic dome.1913 - Willis Lamb was an American physicist who discovered how electrons behave in the hydrogen atom and who won the Nobel Prize in 1955. July 13 1826 - Stanislao Cannizzaro was an Italian  chemist who formulated the reaction of Cannizzaro.1944 -  Erno Rubik  was a Hungarian inventor who invented the Rubiks cube. July 14 1857 -  Frederick Maytag  invented the Maytag washing machine.1874 - Andre Debierne was a French chemist who discovered the element actinium.1918  -  Jay Forrester  was a digital  computer pioneer who invented core memory.1921 - Geoffrey Wilkinson was an English chemist who pioneered inorganic chemistry, invented Wilkinsons catalyst, discovered the structure of ferrocene, and won a Nobel Prize in 1973.1924 - James Whyte Black was a Scottish doctor and pharmacologist who invented propranolol, synthesized cimetidine, and won a Nobel Prize in 1988. July 15 1817 - John Fowler was an English engineer who built the London Metropolitan Railway. July 16 1704 -  John Kay  was an English machinist who invented the flying shuttle that improved looms.1801 -  Julius Plucker  was a German mathematician and physicist who formulated Plucker formulas and was the first person to identify Cathode rays.1888  -  Frits Zernike  invented the phase-contrast microscope that allowed for the study of colorless and transparent biological materials; he won the Nobel Prize in 1953.1907 - Orville Redenbacher invented and sold Orville Redenbachers Gourmet Popcorn.   July 17 1920 -  Gordon Gould  was an American physicist made famous for inventing the laser. July 18 1635 -  Robert Hooke  was an English physicist and the first person to see micrographia by using a microscope.1853 - Hendrik Lorentz was a Dutch physicist who discovered and explained the Zeeman effect and derived the transformation equations used by  Albert Einstein  to describe space and time. Lorentz won the Nobel Prize in 1902. July 19 1814 -  Samuel Colt  was an American gunmaker who invented the Colt revolver.1865 - Charles Horace Mayo was an American  surgeon who started the Mayo  Clinic. July 20 1897 -  Tadeusz Reichstein  won the Nobel Prize in 1950 and was a Swiss  chemist who invented a method to artificially synthesize vitamin C.1947  -  Gerd Binnig  was a 1986 Nobel Prize winner and German physicist who invented the scanning tunneling microscope that could view individual atoms. July 21 1620 - Jean Picard was a French astronomer who first accurately measured the length of a degree of a meridian (longitude line) and from that computed the size of the Earth.1810 - Henri Victor Regnault was a French physicist and chemist  known  for his research on the thermal properties of gasses as well as a photographer who invented the use of pyrogallic acid as a developing agent.1923 - Rudolph Marcus was a Canadian chemist who formulated the Marcus theory of electron-transfer reactions in chemical systems and who won a Nobel Prize in 1992. July 22 1822 - Gregor Mendel was the geneticist  who discovered the laws of heredity through experimentation in his garden.1844 - William Archibald Spooner invented spoonerisms, a play on words wherein the first letters of two words are  switched, often to humorous effect.1887 - Gustav Hertz was a German quantum physicist who experimented with inelastic electron collisions in gasses known as the Franck–Hertz experiments and who won a Nobel Prize in 1925.1908 - Amy Vanderbilt might be the inventor of etiquette and wrote the Complete Book of Etiquette. July 23 1827 - Pieter Caland was a Dutch hydraulic engineer who built the New Waterway of Rotterdam.1828 - Jonathan Hutchinson was an English surgeon who was the first to describe the medical signs  of  congenital syphilis. July 24 1898  -  Amelia Earhart  was an American aviator who was the first woman to pilot across the Atlantic; she disappeared during one of her trans-Atlantic flights. July 25 1795 - James Barry was a female disguised as a man who became the surgeon general of the British army.1866 - Frederick Frost Blackman was an English plant physiologist who wrote the 1905 paper Optima and Limiting Factors, in which he demonstrated that where a process depends on a number of independent factors, the rate at which it can take place is limited by the rate of the slowest factor. July 26 1799 - Isaac Babbitt invented babbitts metal used in engine bearings.1860 - Philippe Jean Bunau-Varilla was a French  engineer who helped build the Panama Canal.1875 - Carl Jung was a Swiss  psychologist who invented analytical psychology, known as Jungian psychology, who greatly influenced later works of many psychologists around the world.1894 - Aldous Huxley was the English science fiction author who wrote Brave New World.1919 - James Ephraim Lovelock was an English scientist and futurist known for proposing the Gaia hypothesis, in which he postulates that the Earth functions as a kind of superorganism. July 27 1848 - Roland Baron von Eà ¶tvà ¶s  was a Hungarian  physicist who formulated the concept of molecular surface tension and the Eà ¶tvà ¶s torsion balance.1938 - Gary Gygax was an American game designer who co-invented the Dungeons Dragons role-playing game. July 28 1907 - Earl Silas Tupper invented Tupperware. July 29 1891 - Bernhard Zondek was a German  gynecologist who invented the first reliable pregnancy test in 1928. July 30 1863 -  Henry Ford  was an American automaker who invented the Model T Ford.1887 - Felix Andries Vening Meinesz was a Dutch geophysicist who invented a precise method for measuring gravity called the gravimeter. The gravimeter allowed for a precise  measure  of gravity at sea, which led Meinesz to discover gravity anomalies above the ocean floor due to continental drift.1889 -  Vladimir Zworykin  was a Russian electronics engineer who invented an electronic television system. July 31 1803  -  John Ericsson  was an American inventor of the screw propeller for ships.1918 - Paul D. Boyer was an American biochemist and Nobel Prize winner in 1997.1919 - Primo Levi was an Italian chemist turned writer best known for his autobiography, Survival in Auschwitz.

Federalism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Federalism - Essay Example As Washington D.C. continues to come up with laws and regulations to guide the entire nation without engaging in much consultation with the states governments, the state legislators have voiced their disappointed for failing to be included in the process and have done this by introducing bills that seek to nullify some of the national government’s laws and regulations. State regulators claim that the national government has engaged in overregulation and have decided not to sit back and watch. The year 2014 marks the period when there has been an explosion of bills and this has aggravated the conflict between the national government and state governments further (Wheeler, â€Å"States Rise Up†). Due to the fact that federalism involves a nation being ruled by two forms of government or there being power sharing, conflicts are bound to emerge. In the second article, conflict between the national government and state governments over the issue of drug approval is discussed. An example of two terminally ill patients from the state of Massachusetts and who are brothers is given (Ollove, â€Å"Right-To-Try†). The boys suffer from a disease known as Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Due to lack of proper medication, the boys’ conditions have continued to deteriorate. This is despite the fact that the right medication can be made available, if the national government revised its drug approval process. In the United States, it takes approximately 5.5 to 10.5 years for a drug to be approved by the FDA (Ollove, â€Å"Right-To-Try†). This is rather long especially given that the period is long enough for the health conditions of patients to deteriorate further and for the unfortunate ones, to never make it to receive the medication. This is the reason behind the conflict over right-to-try between state governments and the national government. States

BORDER SURVEILLANCE USING WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORK Research Paper

BORDER SURVEILLANCE USING WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORK - Research Paper Example The troops guard the border according to prearranged route as well as the time interval (Ammari 12). Border patrol has widely depended on human participation. On the other hand, the relative cost for the growing number of workers as well as the retreating precision through human-only supervision has called for the contribution of high-tech devices in border patrol (Ammari 36). Amongst these, Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) for mid-air surveillance have lately been used to track routinely and detect track unlawful border crossing. Due to the outsized coverage as well as high mobility of the UAVs, the concentrated human participation in low-level surveillance practices can be minimized. In applications of border patrol, the established supervising network ought to cover a considerably large monitoring region. On the other hand, the radius of sensing of a single sensor node is usually limited. Consequently, many sensor nodes are expected to complete the coverage need. In addition, different kinds of sensor nodes like underground, camera, ground, and mobile sensors provide dissimilar coverage potentials. In addition, every sensor type has a special cost, sensing radius, as well as sensing accuracy (Aykanat54). As a result, a most favorable deployment approach is required to settle on the number along with locations of sensor nodes with varied capabilities. The primary objective of the deployment is to get the deployment tactic using the bare minimum number of each category of sensors to cover the entire surveillance area furthermore to accomplish desired intrusion detection likelihood. The aim is sensing the surroundings as well as communicating the findings to the data gathering center (Aykanat54). Most employment areas are envisaged for WSNs ranging from military surveillance to the monitoring of endangered species of animal populations. The research on the node placement together with coverage issues deals with effective use of

High Carbohydrated food Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

High Carbohydrated food - Essay Example Hence, the main danger is the excessive intake of wrong high-carbohydrate intakes resulting in increase in weight. Carbohydrates may be beneficial if they include a healthy balance of different fats. A single dietary intake may, on one hand, result in excessive fats of one kind and on the other hand, lack of other healthier fats, proteins and fibers. High Carbohydrate diet contains more of vitamin A, Vitamin C, Calcium, Iron etc. and low of Vitamin B12, Zinc and Sodium (FitDay). The carbohydrates low on Glycemic index provides a control on blood sugar level after having the meals. The unawareness of high Carb/high Glycemic index diet boosts the sugar level to extremes which later on results in fatigues and distress due to energy crashes. French baguette has a Glycemic index of 95 and Peanuts has an index of 14. Hence, Peanuts are less likely to affect sugar level, whereas, French Baguettes are more likely to boost sugar level and provide an unnaturally high energy to the human body. Diabetic, cardiac and other patients must be aware of their intake needs. High-carb/low glycemic index helps preventing high blood sugar levels and balanced weight and energy of human body (Greenberg, 2011). FitDay. "Low vs. High Carbohydrate Diet: Which is Better? / Nutrition / Carbs."  FitDay - Free Weight Loss and Diet Journal. N.p., n.d. Web. 26  Sept.  2013. . Greenberg, Riva. "The High Carb Diet That Keeps You Healthy, Fit and Trim."  The Huffington Post. HPMG News, 21  Mar.  2011. Web. 26  Sept.  2013.

DISCIPLESHIP MINISTRIES PROJECT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

DISCIPLESHIP MINISTRIES PROJECT - Essay Example It has been proclaimed that motivating people to pray a prayer is not enough to attain spiritual well-being. Hence, it has been ascertained that the entire humankind should be offered with opportunity to become disciples of Lord Jesus Christ. It has been affirmed in this regard that the first step to become a disciple of Lord Jesus Christ is to know about the Gospel. Discipleship, in its simple meaning, can be defined as serving God through a spiritual life dedicated to the church by taking some additional responsibility of preaching God’s words. Discipleship is not limited to taking people to the savior or just baptize them. However, it is equally important to teach them the God’s word so that they can have a prosperous life. At the same time, the truth learned should be practiced in daily lives in order to serve Jesus. It can be affirmed in this regard that discipleship is must be cultivated from heart and mind and not as a coercion. In Christianity, it is believed th at such practice can make an individual a true disciple of Lord Jesus Christ. The role and responsibility of teacher in discipleship is thus extremely crucial. The teacher should not only put emphasis on teaching the Biblical doctrines, but it is equally important for the educators of discipleship to make the learners or followers aware of Christ’s verses. It is also important that teachers concerning with discipleship not only encourage disciples to attend the Church on Sundays, but they should make sure that disciples are able to depict their gratitude to God whenever possible and maintain peace in their life1. Focusing on these aspects of discipleship, this paper entails to design a comprehensive ministry plan for Church of God in Christ with the purpose of encouraging people to acquire Biblically sound knowledge and insights for attaining spiritual well-being in their life. Scriptural Foundations Church of God in Christ believes that Bible is the ‘word of godâ€℠¢ and it comprises pleasant and satisfactorily comprehensive system of principle. It believes that Bible is the only right in every matter and avow in the life of a human. Church of God in Christ is guided and validated by Thessalonians 2:14 and Pauline Epistles passages. According to Thessalonians 2:14 passage, â€Å"for ye, brethren, became imitators of the churches of God which are in Judaea in Christ Jesus: for ye also suffered the same things of your own countrymen, even as they did of the Jews†2. Church of God in Christ thus teaches that Jesus is the only arbitrator between God and human where no redemption exists. It believes in Holy Spirit who acts as representatives of God that equips, authorizes, leads and directs the church. Church of God in Christ also believes in angels, who are considered as messengers sent by the God and who assisted in the establishment of Old Testament as well as the church. As per the belief, angels exist basically in spiritual monarchy and are structured based on responsibilities and activities in God’s kingdom. Church of God in Christ considers demons as evil or impure spirits. These demons are referred as â€Å"fallen angels† and exist as challengers to the God’s persistence and determination. Church of God i

ANALYSE OFCANDIDEGULLIVERS TRAVEL AND SORROWS OF YOUNG WERTHER FROM Essay

ANALYSE OFCANDIDEGULLIVERS TRAVEL AND SORROWS OF YOUNG WERTHER FROM NEOCLASSIC AND ROMANTIC POINT OF VIEW - Essay Example There was an emphasis on classical conventions and style. The restoration of the monarchy to Charles II of England in 1660 marks the beginning of the Neoclassical period in English literature, with its emphasis on restraint, logic and rationalism. It lasted from 1660 to 1798, when the Romantic Movement with its emphasis on imagination and nature began . Written in the latter part of the eighteenth century, â€Å"Gulliver’s Travels† by Jonathan Swift and â€Å"Candide† by Voltaire are examples of Neoclassicism in English and French literature respectively, exhibiting elements of Neoclassicism such as reason , restraint and clarity While â€Å"Gulliver’s Travels† portrays Neoclassical elements of clarity, superiority of reason and experimentation,, at the same time digressing from Neoclassicism by giving vent to imagination., .†Candide† exhibits the typical Neoclassical reaction against optimism and exuberance .In his iconoclastic ideas about God and the Church, Voltaire strays from Neoclassical Theory. â€Å"The Sorrows of Young Werther â€Å"written by Goethe exhibits elements of Romanticism like love of nature, imagination and emotion, as well as some elements of Neoclassicism like form and structure and â€Å"correctness†.. â€Å"Gulliver’s Travels† by Jonathan Swift is an enduring classic beloved by both young and old. Although when he wrote the book in 1789, Swift meant it to be a satire on the existing society of the time, the book became instantly popular as a children’s book, which it has continued to be to the present times. Like â€Å"Gulliver’s Travels†, Voltaire’s Candide was also written during the same period. Both the books describe the fantastic adventures of the protagonists who travel to different parts of the world and encounter unforeseen problems. On the other hand, â€Å"The Sorrows of Young Werther† by Goethe, written in the same period of late eighteenth

DISCIPLESHIP MINISTRIES PROJECT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

DISCIPLESHIP MINISTRIES PROJECT - Essay Example It has been proclaimed that motivating people to pray a prayer is not enough to attain spiritual well-being. Hence, it has been ascertained that the entire humankind should be offered with opportunity to become disciples of Lord Jesus Christ. It has been affirmed in this regard that the first step to become a disciple of Lord Jesus Christ is to know about the Gospel. Discipleship, in its simple meaning, can be defined as serving God through a spiritual life dedicated to the church by taking some additional responsibility of preaching God’s words. Discipleship is not limited to taking people to the savior or just baptize them. However, it is equally important to teach them the God’s word so that they can have a prosperous life. At the same time, the truth learned should be practiced in daily lives in order to serve Jesus. It can be affirmed in this regard that discipleship is must be cultivated from heart and mind and not as a coercion. In Christianity, it is believed th at such practice can make an individual a true disciple of Lord Jesus Christ. The role and responsibility of teacher in discipleship is thus extremely crucial. The teacher should not only put emphasis on teaching the Biblical doctrines, but it is equally important for the educators of discipleship to make the learners or followers aware of Christ’s verses. It is also important that teachers concerning with discipleship not only encourage disciples to attend the Church on Sundays, but they should make sure that disciples are able to depict their gratitude to God whenever possible and maintain peace in their life1. Focusing on these aspects of discipleship, this paper entails to design a comprehensive ministry plan for Church of God in Christ with the purpose of encouraging people to acquire Biblically sound knowledge and insights for attaining spiritual well-being in their life. Scriptural Foundations Church of God in Christ believes that Bible is the ‘word of godâ€℠¢ and it comprises pleasant and satisfactorily comprehensive system of principle. It believes that Bible is the only right in every matter and avow in the life of a human. Church of God in Christ is guided and validated by Thessalonians 2:14 and Pauline Epistles passages. According to Thessalonians 2:14 passage, â€Å"for ye, brethren, became imitators of the churches of God which are in Judaea in Christ Jesus: for ye also suffered the same things of your own countrymen, even as they did of the Jews†2. Church of God in Christ thus teaches that Jesus is the only arbitrator between God and human where no redemption exists. It believes in Holy Spirit who acts as representatives of God that equips, authorizes, leads and directs the church. Church of God in Christ also believes in angels, who are considered as messengers sent by the God and who assisted in the establishment of Old Testament as well as the church. As per the belief, angels exist basically in spiritual monarchy and are structured based on responsibilities and activities in God’s kingdom. Church of God in Christ considers demons as evil or impure spirits. These demons are referred as â€Å"fallen angels† and exist as challengers to the God’s persistence and determination. Church of God i

WWII Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

WWII - Essay Example ch led to the outbreak of this very war and there were the formation of the Central and Allied Alliances which eventually went a long way in lengthening the duration of the war. (Harvey, 1993) Meanwhile, the Western and Eastern fronts within Europe were formed up as well as an eruption of a combat on the sea front started to take place. Apart from this the mighty role of United States in this war zone and throughout the duration of the war is also a significant one and is duly addressed in this paper. Indeed there were victories as well as losses for all the parties in this war but the war in itself was a mere defeat for the humanity as so many mothers lost their children, so many women became widows and thousands of kids lost their parents. The tale has no positive ending attached with it, nonetheless. The victory brought laurels for the victors while the defeat turned wrong on the losers’ heads. There were plenty of battles within the war itself, at different fronts and on many boundaries for the sole purpose of maintaining a rule which was there to be accepted by all and sundry. This Great War eventually resulted in the Balfour Declaration as well as the Arab re volt, which was basically aimed at the Turks and the prospective offensive action on the part of the United States in the post-war state of affairs. The Russian Revolution also took place due to this very war and ultimately Germany collapsed thus leaving an ever-lasting impact on both the victorious and the losing parties, but from different perspectives altogether. (Jahn, 1995) There were undoubtedly a number of suave and diplomatic mistakes as far as this war is concerned. All the mistakes that will get attention here comprise of the overall tactical and strategic errors committed by either Russia in the backdrop of attacking the Germans or in the form of the ever-resilient foreign policy constituted by the Germans time and time again. Firstly, there was a lack of general foresight and ineptitude

Great Expectations Essay Example for Free

Great Expectations Essay As part of my GCSE coursework, I have read two novels written by Charles Dickens. The first novel is Oliver Twist, from, whwhich I will look at a villain called Bill Sikes who is a thief, a housebreaker, a murderer and one of Ddickens most menacing characters. I will look at how Dickens characterises him as a villain. s makes him a villain. The second book I read was Great Expectations, infrom which I will look at another villain called Magwitch who bullies a young boy named Pip into helping him q. escaping from prison. I will also look at how Dickens characterises himmakes him as a villain.. I will then compare Bboth characters will then be compared and contrasted in my study. . The first person I will look at is Bill Sikes who is a murderer, a thief, a housebreaker, a bully and is part of Fagans gang. Before we meet Sikes, Dickens dDescribes his environment. Firstly it is described as an obscure parlour of a low public house, a dark and gloomy den, in the filthiest part of Little Saffron Hill and where no ray of sun ever shone in the summer. Adjectives such as obscure, low, dark gloomy and filthiest are all negative and suggest to me a very unpleasant and rough environment. The place being described as where no ray of sun ever shone in the summer, suggests to me further of the places depravity and that the public house is set in a back ally. The room Sikes is situated in is called a Den, A den is a place where animals usually live, so it suggests to me that this is an inhuman place, not suitable for a persons habitation. Over all I can say that the atmosphere is excessively bleak and miserable, the setting is used to reflect character and to create atmosphere suggestingand Sikes is in part, athe product of his own environment. Sikes is said to have been brooding, this suggests that Sikes had been in deep thought, scheming and plotting evil things. Sikes is described as strongly impregnated with the smell of liquor, this suggests to me that he we was highly intoxicated and the result, would mean that he would be grumpy, and irrational. He wares a velvet coat, drab shorts, half-boots and stockings. As you can see his clothing is very drabmonotonous and this suggests to the reader the obscure and sinister nature of Sikes and the world he inhabits. ity Sikes of which Sikes can possess. Sikes is described as even by that dim light, no inexperienced agent of police would have hesitated for one instant as Mr. William Sikes. This suggests to the reader that Sikes is well known by the police and is obviously a common criminal. Sikes dog is described as being red-eyed. This is symbolic of depression and anger and many other negative emotions, so it is apparent that the dog is symbolic to the negativity in Sikes environment and is also a product of bad environment may be symbolic that the dog is symbolic of the harsh environment. The dog sits at his mastersmasters feet, this shows the relationship between the dog and his master as being close and intermit and proves Sikes ownership of the animal. Later the unoffending dog is attacked and by Sikes, this shows that Sikes is very volatile, unpredictable, unstable and dangerous because he attacks his dog for no cause and acts very spontaneously with his aggressiveness. After the attacking, the dog avenges his attack it, by attacking Sikes half-boots. This shows that the dog has a bad temper and has a lot in common with his master. This eventually leads to a fight and Sikes attempted murder of the dog. This shows how malevolentsatanic Sikes can be. Sikes is a very aggressive man in his language, he blasphemes and curses, thrusts and swears This type of language is rather unpleasant, shows negative emotions to a reader. This sort of dictionspeech gives a sense of violence to the reader. When Sikes speaks to his dog he says Keep quiet, you warmint! Keep quiet! Here he commands and insults, so it shows that he is violent when he talks. We know this because Dickens has used exclamation marks to show that he was talking in anger. This can also be seen when he talks to Fagan for example you white-livered thief! This shows the anger in the voice with the use of insults and exclamatoryion phrases. marks. Sikes also seeksspeaks to Fagian with a fierce gesturegesture; this adds to Sikes sinister character because it suggests that again Sikes is angry and violent with his oral expression. Sikes often growled, had a fierce sneer and speaks savage like. This further makes him look obnoxious and unhappy. These details present him as brutal, animalistic and primitive. Sikes speaks with the harshest key of a very harsh voice. This suggests that he is very unpleasant when he usually speaks. Therefore I would say that the way in which Sikes speaks shows that cruelty and ill-intent of his character. Thus from this extract we are given the impression that Sikes is incredibly evil, menacing, he is unhappy, intimidating, ferocious and volatile. This impression is reinforced later in the novel in which we look at Sikes killing his prostitute lover Nancy and the events leading up to it. It begins with Noah, repeating what he told Fagin to Sikes. Fagin cries, and says Tell him that, tell him that.

Agency Theory And Stakeholder Theory Commerce Essay

Agency Theory And Stakeholder Theory Commerce Essay The development of corporate governance is a global issue, the issue of corporate governance has come to prominence in various fields contains refers knowledge of finance, economics, accounting, law, management, organizational behaviour and so on. The term corporate governance and its daily usage in financial fields have attracted more and more public attention in the last thirty years. There are sorts of theories adopt in the corporate governance, while I will concentrate on two main streams of them: one is agency theory which is based on the interests of shareholders; the other is stakeholder theory which is based on the profits of all the stakeholders. The main aims of this paper are introduce and explore the agency theory and the stakeholder theory, compare and contrast these two theories. Apart from the introduction, the structure of this paper is as follows: the theoretical review of both agency theory and stakeholder theory is included in the next part; then, I will describe the contribution of the agency theory as well as how wrong is the agency theory; similarly, the fourth parts consist of two aspect of the stakeholder theory: the contributions and some criticisms; the final section is the conclusion. Theoretical review Agency theory In the early literature, classical economics considered that majority of corporations were not only owned but also controlled by the shareholders who have funding proprietors. With respect to standpoint of separation of ownership and control, it was firstly pointed out by Smith in 1838. In the later work of Berle and Means (1932), they hold the view that with countries industrialization and markets development, the ownership and control of corporations has been separated. The purpose of this action is to give an important explanation for corporate behaviour and the problems confronting owners (fragmented and dispersed shareholders) who attempt to exert their rights over the managers who have gained control in the modern cooperation. According to Arrow (1971), the origins of agency theory can be traced back to the 1960s and early 1970s, more and more economists detected and pay attention to the risk among individuals or groups. He mentioned that in the case of different argument toward risk insisted by the cooperating parties, the risk sharing problem occurred. 6 years later, Jensen together with Meckling pointed out Agency theory in their article; in addition, they defined an agency relationship as a contract under which one or more persons (the principals) engage another person (the agent) to perform some service on their behalf which involves delegating some decision making authority to the agent. For example, it is widely accepted that the agency relationship is between the owners (as the principal) and the managers (as agents). The aim of agency theory is to provide necessary monitoring to reduce the so called agency problems arise in agency relationship between the principal and the agent. One problem is that whether the behalf of agent is applicable or not can not be testified by the principals. The expect or goals of the principal and agent conflict brings to the first agency problem; more over, when it is difficult or expensive for the principal to know what the agent is doing in details and exactly, agency problem rises either. The other problem is the risk sharing between the principal and the agent. Due to the different risk preferences, there is distance between the action of the principal and the agent. An overview of agency theory is given in Table 1 (Eisenhardt, K. M 1989). Table 1 Agency Theory Overview Key idea Principal agent relationships should reflect efficient organization of information and risk bearing costs Unit of analysis Contract between principal and agent Human assumption Human assumption Bounded rationality Risk aversion Organizational assumption Partial goal conflict among participants assumptions Efficiency as the effectiveness criterion Information asymmetry between principal and agent Information assumption Information as a purchasable commodity Agency (moral hazard and adverse selection) Contracting problem Risk sharing Problem domain Relationships in which the principal and domain agent have partly differing goals and risk preferences (e.g., compensation, regulation, leadership, impression management, whistle blowing, vertical integration, transfer pricing) Stakeholder theory of the firms Donna Card Charron (2007) reported that the stakeholder theory has gone through three stages until now. The first stage of stakeholder theory is from the 1960s through early 1980s, the stakeholder theory agenda was proposed by the corporate revisionists. During this period, a new idea social institution was advocated to replace the stockholder ownership in the firm. In the early 1970s, stakeholder theory was accepted by the business ethics professors. Between the late 1980s and 2000, the stakeholder theory is ongoing the second stage. Corporate managers turn to interest in the stakeholder theory until they know that stockholders are just one aspect of stakeholders among many. It is significant for them to defend themselves against stockholder rights activities. In the middle of 1990s until 2000, corporate revisionists look forward to build the claims of stakeholders. All the participants and assistants who share the risk and create profits for the firms are stakeholders. They should obtain a balance share of the riches created by the joint efforts (Clarkson 2002: 1)). According to Donna Card Charron (2007), it is imperative for managers observe the following principles: (1).Monitor and respond to concerns and interests of all legitimate stakeholders. (2)Communicate with stakeholders about their concerns, contributions, and risks. (3).Act with sensitivity to each stakeholder group. (4)Attempt to achieve a fair distribution of benefits and burdens. (5)Insure that risks are minimized and harms are compensated. (6)Never jeopardize inalienable human rights or deceive concerning risks. (7). Deal with the conflicts of its self interest and the interest of stakeholders through public institutions, public reports, incentive systems, and third party review. The stakeholder theory was widely acceptable by the end of this stage. In the third stage of stakeholder theory currently, Value Based Management pointed out the effects of stakeholders toward to the firms can not be ignore and even important, there is a positive relationship between the wealth of stakeholders and that of stockholders. Different from agency theory which focuses exclusively on interests of shareholders, the Stakeholder theory concentrates on the interests of all the parties in the corporation. Stakeholder theory is considered as a theory of organizational management and ethics. Under this theory, what the managers should do is not only to maximize shareholder value, but also benefit the profits of the stakeholder group. Groups or individuals in the corporation, whose interests and benefits have a close relationship (gains or loss) with the corporation action, are called stakeholders. Sometimes, the concept of stakeholders is a generalization of notion of stockholders who can propose some special claim on the firm (R.Edward). Stockholders are given the right to demand certain actions by management; similarly, stakeholders can also make claims. The assumption of stakeholder theory is the values are imperative and tangible a part of doing business. R.Edwatd et al. (2004) propose that stakeholder theory is managerial, and it reflects and directs how managers operate rather than primarily addressing management theories and economists. Two key questions of the stakeholder theory are mentioned in Freemans article (1994). The first question is the purpose of the organization. This is very helpful and useful for managers to express the share awareness of the value they create and what brings its major stakeholder together. In addition, this push forward the firms itself expect it to create sound performance by considering both its aims and marketplace financial metrics. The second question asked in the stakeholder theory is what responsibility management has to stakeholders. These encourage managers to know how they want to do business. Particularly, they are looking for an appropriate kind of relationship with stakeholders to ach ieve their own interests. The core of stakeholder theory, economic value is that large numbers of people come and work together to advance their situation, is accordance with the fundamental modern economic realities. In order to impulse more and more workers to do their best for the firms, it is necessary and crucial for managers to develop relationships and create communication with stakeholders. (See R.Edward Freeman, Andrew C. Wicks, Bidhan Parmar 2004) It is widely accepted that shareholder is significant party in the firm and interests are a critical characteristic. In terms of profits, it is not the driver in the process of value creation while the results. Contribution of the Agency theory Perrow (1986) noted that the key point of the agency theory is focused on the significance of motivation and self interest. Under the agency theory, any ideas and activities of the organizations are based on self interests; furthermore, a common problem structure across the research topics is important either. There are two contributions to organizational thinking created by the agency theory in Eisenhardt, K. Ms work paper (1989). First of all, information is considered as a good, in another word, information can be sold by people if it is necessary. It can be divided into formal information system and informal information system. The former includes budgeting, MBO, and boards of directors; while the later one consists of managerial supervision that just in organizational research. If the principals want to know what the agents are doing and whether their action is appreciate or not, invest the information system is a good approach. An explanation of this is executive compensation (Kathleeen M. Elsenhardt 1989). A great many authors showed that they are surprised at the insufficient of performance found on executive compensations. On the contrary, since the compensation is affected by different kind of elements such as information system in the agency theory, the above argument is easy to accept. In addition, the risk implication of agency theory is another contribution. There are various uncertain future such as prosperity, bankruptcy and some secondary consequence that corporation may meet. Whether the future of firms is bad or sound depends on the performance of organizational participates. The outcome of firms, to large extent, is affected by the environmental factors that cover government regulation, new similar competitors, science and technology innovation and so on. Agency theory encourages the ramifications of outcome uncertainly to indication for producing risk. For instance, some behaviour of principals in the companies such as make or buy decision is not influenced by the uncertainty technology and demand (Walker and Weber 1984). Although they do not know that the reason is transaction cost framework; their conclusion covers the idea of agency if the managers of the firms are risk neutral. Walker and Weber concluded such a conclusion that outcome uncertainty is no t associated with risk neutral principal. On the other hand, the outcome uncertainty is extremely sensitive to risk principals in new venture. If the firm is new and not big enough, the limitation of capital and resources for predicting the uncertainty will lead to the frequency of the failure. The managers on such firms are risk averse principals. From the agency theory perspective, the relationship between managers and outcome uncertainty is extremely close. For example, in order to maintain and develop the firm, managers are more likely to adopt buy decision to transfer risk. On balance, agency theory predicts that risk neutral managers are likely to choose make option (behaviour based contract), whereas risk averse executives are likely to choose buy (outcome based contract). How wrong is the agency theory? The adoption of the agency theory for corporate governance become widely accepts all over the world, especially in the UK and the US. The agency theory indeed brings some merits for the corporations. However, more and more faults are showed by the recent literature research and firm practice like Enron, Xerox, and WorldCom. This paper will focus on the Enron to explain how wrong the agency theory is. Thousands of employees losing their life savings tied up in the energy companys stock due to the collapse of Enron which is considered as the largest bankruptcy in US history (Thomas Clarke 2004). The following introduction about the Enron is based on the lecture notes of Bob Wearing (2008). Generally speaking, Enron is an intelligent gambling that covers many aspects: firstly, allow high risk accounting; secondly, allowing 50% of assets to be shifted into off balance sheet entities; thirdly, waiving the ethics code to allow self dealing transactions; fourthly, ignoring directors conflicts of interests; Finally, failing to monitor executive compensation. The foundation of the Enron business is risk management. It expects to get ahead to traditional, vertically integrate kind of institution by using risk management. Enron adopt its own methods to protect the Enron stock, its funds will be inflated when Enrons share price fell. Bankruptcy is the destination of Enron once credit agencie s decreased Enrons rating. Most non executive directors are paid as consultant from the directors fees; consequently, they can not be characterized independently. At the same time, directors received various types of gifts from Enron. The award for Andrew Fastow (CEO) remains a secret, and another CEO (Kenneth Lay) get much secrete money from the company. In the case of decreasing of the companys stock in 2001, board members and senior employees obtain profit by cashing in share options, meanwhile, the rest of employees do not loss anything as they let their pension plans out of Enron stock. All in all, the shortcomings of the agency theory become obvious. In the first place, due to the asymmetric information system, the deficiency of agency theory that covers several aspects is become obvious. The first one is called moral hazard agency conflicts that are the root reason for the Enron failure. Moral hazard agency conflicts were mentioned by Jensen and Meckling in 1976. Moral hazard arises when the agents action, or the outcome of that action, is only imperfectly observable to the principal. A manager, for example, may exercise a low level of effort, waste corporate resources, or take inappropriate risks (Joseph Heath et al. 2004). Jenson (1986) hold the view that fresh cash flow will face much more difficulties from moral hazard problem in big and developed companies. In addition, moral hazard problem is relevant with the inefficiency of managerial effort. The motivation and enthusiasm of managers will be dropped off for small equity stakes they own. Thereby, company va lue will be affected or even harmed. The second one is named adverse selection. Adverse selection can arise when the agent has some private information, prior to entering into relations with the principal. Individuals with poor skills or aptitude will present themselves as having superior ones, people with low motivation will apply for the positions that involve the least supervision, and so forth (Joseph Heath et al. 2004). In the second place, shareholders, the owner of the company, are able to enjoy the companys residual claims. They shoulder the operating and capital risk rather than whole risk. Other stakeholders such as creditors, managers, employees who shares risks should be given the similar rights. Contribution of stakeholder theory According to the stakeholder theory, the objective of corporate existence is nor the shareholders only. The close nexus in the corporate social responsibility (CSR) that is the main stream of the corporate tendency is a apparent contribution of the stakeholder theory. A large number of literature and research find out that companies concentrate on CSR which is considered as origin of competition advantages is more likely to accept and get benefits. It is, to some extent, benefits the corporation as a whole, in the long runs at least. Changing the objectives of corporate governance from the maximize the interests of shareholders to maximize the value of the company. Stakeholder theory breaks through the traditional framework. The stake of firms owned by a large number of dispersed shareholders in modern enterprise. The maximization of the interests of shareholders does not mean the maximization of corporate value, or even damage the interests of other stakeholders, such as the hostile takeover. Stakeholder theory suggests that the other individuals and parties should also be considered stakeholders, such as creditors, employees, suppliers, customers, government and community, corporate governance should be the stakeholders of the coordination mechanisms of conflict of interest, balance and co ordinate conflict of interest to all stakeholders to maximize the benefits (Liu Dan 2003). The power of corporate is redistributed in the process of game among stakeholders. Modern companies are characterized by separation between ownership and control; thereby a principal agent relationship is formed between the principal and the agent. Unfortunately, the interests of these two parties are not always consistent. The managers tend to abuse their special power and damage the interests of shareholders by the reason of their insider status. The agency cost problem occurs when an efficient monitoring system is needed. The main purpose of corporate governance is not only monitoring managers effectively but also minimizing agency costs. The traditional way to adjust the dimension of the structure of the board of directors are enhancing the independence of the board of directors; improving the control of shareholders in order to strengthen their position; developing institutional investors to effective the rights of shareholders (Liu Dan 2003). But these ideas only deal with prob lems partly. It is difficult to change the level of corporate governance fundamentally. Stakeholder theory suggests that the key point of corporate governance is as follows: it is unavailable to deliver much more rights and control to shareholders. On the contrary, managers should be separated from shareholders who usually give pressure and leave enough rights and interests to other stakeholders such as employees, creditors and so on. For instance, one important programme is allowing the key stakeholders become the companys board of directors and supervisors by increasing the ownership and control of the company (Liu Dan 2003). The highlight of human capital is advocated in stakeholder theory. Traditional theory holds that the owner of firms is the investors who provide capital for firm; accordingly, the ultimate goal of company is to safeguard the interests of investors. Here the word capital is limited to physical capital, but not human capital. This argument is acceptable and suitable in the early era of large scale industrial machinery, while not appropriate and outdate in current era of knowledge economy. The existence and development of the organization is increasingly affected not only by the management degree of managers but also the advanced technology of workers. Technology and other human capital contribution to the enterprise are far more than physical capital (Liu Dan2003). Criticism of the stakeholder theory On the whole, stakeholder theory is incompatible with good corporate governance for it is with business (see Elaine Sternberg 1997). Accountability is one of the most important concepts in corporate governance. It consists of directors to shareholders, firm workers and other corporate agents to the incorporation as well. The notion that the owner of firms is responsible for their corporation is disapproved in stakeholder theory. On the other hand, what the stakeholder theory calls for is all the stakeholders are responsible for corporations. Such key principle is not realistic checked and work out wholly. Everyone take charge of company means no one will take charge of company. Various accountability make sense if all the stakeholders have a clear similar goal, otherwise it does not make sense at all. However, the stakeholder theory prefer to the later. More over, there is not an effective standard to judge and evaluate corporate agents given by stakeholder theory (Elaine Sternberg 1997). Duo to the unclear balancing stakeholder profits, it is not a good way evaluate objective performance of firms. It is discretional for managers to seek their own interests which are always selfish by using this method. Consequently, stakeholder theory has comprehensive control of haughty and selfish managers as well as lavishness wages, perquisite and premises. At the same time, the phenomenal of empire building acquisitions that make little business sense exists widespread in the stakeholder theory. Even though the original purpose and expectation of the stakeholder theory is hopeful, it is difficult to carry on and enhance corporate performance as well as corporate governance. Unlike the traditional theory which described that objective of firms is maximizing economic profits; objective in the stakeholder theory covers social, political as well as economic field. The efficiency of the business operation will be weakening in such situation. This leads to a dilemma for the company: firstly, pursuit of profit maximizing hence enhance the social costs and increase the loss of social welfare. Secondly, negative externalities of business activities will be reduced by using various types of control means, but they worse the inefficiency of economy. Conclusion To sum up, two popular theories used by corporate governance, agency theory and stakeholder theory are introduced and compared in this paper. The original purpose and expectation of these theories is to develop and enhance the level to corporate governance. The key diversity towards corporate interests between these two theories is: for agency theory, the interests of shareholders mean the corporate profits; with respect to the stakeholder theory, corporate interests should cover the profits of all the stakeholders. Different from traditional theories, agency theory pays unprecedented attention on information system, outcomes uncertainty and risk. These performance are beneficial for corporate alleviate or even avoid some conflicts and problems between principals and agents. However, after the case of Enron which is a characteristic failure, people become aware of shortcomings of agency theory. Due to the asymmetric information, moral hazard and adverse selection bring difficulties to governance. Even though, stakeholder theory does not have a clear notion about the quantity and quality of stakeholders, and it is, to some extent, unrealistic to carry on; the contribution of stakeholder theory can not be ignored. Changing the objectives of corporate governance from the maximize the interests of shareholders to maximize the value of the company. The power of corporate is redistributed in the process of game among stakeholders. The highlight of human capital is advocated in stakeholder theory. To c onclude, I pose that the stakeholder theory is much more appropriate for the modern companies for the long run.